Aryan Books

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE GANGA PLAIN: Cultural-Historical Dimensions

By :- Purushottam Singh

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Pages: xiv+222

Format: HB

ISBN-13: 978-81-7305-392-4

Place: New Delhi

Edition: 1st

Publisher: ARYAN BOOKS INTERNATIONAL

Size: 19cm x 25cm

Product Year: 2010

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The last three decades have witnessed a phenomenal increase in research activity in the archaeology of Ganga plain. This time-span has also witnessed greater participation of natural scientists like geologists, geomorphologists, human biologists, palaeozoologists and archaeobotanists in understanding archaeological problems. The discovery of Mesolithic culture in the alluvial plain of the Ganga going back to 10,000 BC constitutes a distinct contribution to our knowledge. Excavations carried out at a number of sites in the mid-Ganga Valley has shown that the Mesolithic people who often inhabited readily available rock-shelters in the Vindhyas, now lived in huts made of trees, branches and leaves. The subsequent transition from the nomadic to the settled life which began sometime in the seventh millennium BC in the Ganga Valley was largely the result of an economic revolution based on the cultivation of certain food plants like wheat, barley and rice and the domestication of animals like cattle, sheep, goat, pig and buffalo. Further, the introduction of copper in about 3000 BC witnessed a spurt in activities in every walk of life and a significant increase in the number and size of settlements. This has been amply demonstrated in the excavation of more than three dozen Chalcolithic sites in different parts of the Ganga Valley. The present book takes a synoptic look of all these discoveries and discusses their ramifications.

Acknowledgements ix Illustrations xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 History of Research-1, Excavation of Early Historical City-Sites-2, Discovery of Neolithic-Chalcolithic Levels-5, Recent Explorations in the Sarayupar Plain-8, Discovery of Chalcolithic Sites in the Lower Ganga Valley-10, Theoretical Issues-14. CHAPTER 2 Geographical Background 19 The Upper Ganga Plain-20, The Middle Ganga Plain-21, The Lower Ganga Plain-23, The Drainage System-24, Rainfall-28, Crops-28, Floods-29, Changes in the Courses of Rivers-29, The Ox-Bow Lakes-30, Pre-Holocene Aridity and Change in the Life-Cycle of the Ganga-30, Palaeo-environment and Anthropogenic Activity in the Middle Ganga Plain-31, Palynological Investigations in the Lahuradewa Lake-33, Anthropogenic Activity-35, The Tool Assemblage-36, Chronology-36. CHAPTER 3 Epi-Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Cultures 41 Introduction-41, History of Research-42, Mesolithic Sites of the Vindhyas and the Ganga Valley-43, Emerging Picture-56, Human Burials-61, The People-67, Sex and Age Distribution-68, Aesthetic Sense-69, Chronology-69. CHAPTER 4 The Neolithic Interlude 75 Koldihwa-76, Mahagara-77, Pachoh-78, Tokwa-79, Jhusi-80, Hetapatti-81, Neolithic Sites in the Middle Ganga Valley-82, The Emerging Picture-106, Chronology-108. CHAPTER 5 The Chalcolithic Cultures 113 Sohgaura-116, Narhan-117, Bhunadih-132, Waina-132, Khairadih-133, Chirand-134, Taradih-135, Senuwar-136, Champa-143, Manjhi-143, Raja Nal Ka Tila-144, Agiabir-146, Malhar-148, Tokwa-150, Jhusi-151, Sringaverapura-153. CHAPTER 6 Material Culture and Social Formations 157 Settlement Pattern-157, Agriculture and Pastoralism-159, Neolithic Plant Economy-161, The Domestication of Animals-168, The Development of Archaeozoological Studies in India-170, Pottery-173, The Emerging Picture-175, Chalcolithic Metal Technology-177, Concluding Remarks-184. Appendix (A-G) 195 Bibliography 201 Author Index 215 Site Index 219

Prof. Purushottam Singh (b. 1940) has taught Archaeology at the Banaras Hindu University for nearly four decades (from 1963 to 2002). He has directed excavations at Narhan, Imlidih Khurd and Dhuriapar ? all in district Gorakhpur; at Waina and Bhunadih in district Ballia and Agiabir in district Mirzapur. His publications include Burial Practices in Ancient India (Prithvi Prakashan, Varanasi, 1970); Neolithic Cultures of Western Asia (Seminar Press, London-New York, 1974); The Neolithic Origins (Agam Kala Prakashan, New Delhi, 1991); Excavations at Rajghat, Part III (with Prof. A.K. Narain, Banaras Hindu University, 1977); Excavations at Narhan (1984-89) (Banaras Hindu University & B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1994) and The Archaeology of Middle Ganga Plain: New Perspectives (with Dr. A.K. Singh, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla and Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 2004). He was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, during 2002-2005. Dr. Singh was a Commonwealth post-doctoral Fellow at the Institute of Archaeology, University of London during 1970-72. He taught at the Concordia University, Montreal, Canada in 1991 and 1992. Dr. Singh was Sectional President of the Indian History Congress held at Chennai in 1996. He was President, Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies held at Ernakulam in 2002. Dr. Singh is widely travelled and has contributed research papers in seminars/conferences held from time to time in India and abroad.

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