Aryan Books

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF A SIKH STATE: FARIDKOT

By :- Subhash Parihar

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Pages: xxviii+292

Format: HB

ISBN-13: 978-81-7305-386-3

Place: New Delhi

Edition: 1st

Publisher: ARYAN BOOKS INTERNATIONAL

Size: 22cm x 28cm

Product Year: 2009

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The Faridkot State was one of the Sikh States created in Malwa region of the Punjab during the later half of the eighteenth century. It came into its own under Raja Pahar Singh (1827-49) when the British extinguished the neighbouring mighty kingdom of Lahore. During the next one century, it prospered under Raja Wazir Singh (1849-74), Raja Bikram Singh (1874-98), Raja Balbir Singh (1898-1906), the Council of Regency (1906-16), Raja Brij Indar Singh (1916-18), the Council of Administration (1918-34), and Raja Har Indar Singh (1934-48). Throughout this period, the rulers and aristocracy built a vast variety of buildings which included forts, palaces, havelis, administrative buildings, educational buildings, hospitals, bazaars, gurdwaras, mosques, temples etc. Collectively, these buildings represent the style of architecture that flourished during the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century in the Sikh States of Punjab, which has not been studied so far. The book in hand is a pioneering effort in this direction. The book comprises eight chapters. The first chapter delineates the geographical and historical background of the region comprising the erstwhile Faridkot State. An analysis of the salient architectural features of the monuments is contained in the second chapter. The remaining six chapters document the monuments of the State on typological basis. The third chapter covers forts and royal palaces. The buildings for state machinery are recorded in the fourth chapter. The next chapter contains the survey of public secular buildings. The residential buildings form the subject matter of the sixth chapter. The seventh chapter covers memorials and the last chapter comprises a study of public religious buildings. These chapters are followed by an epilogue, an appendix, a glossary and a bibliography. The text is illustrated with 9 maps, 131 drawings, 35 colour and 196 monochrome plates. The book thus tries to capture the architectural heritage of Faridkot in all its rich splendour. It will prove to be an invaluable asset not only to the academicans, architects and libraries but also to the layreader.

Preface vii List of Illustrations xix 1. Background: Geography and History 1 Introduction 3 Main Sources of History of the State 3 Geography 4 Towns of the State 4 Brief History 6 Ancient Period 6 Sultanate Period 6 Mughal Period 6 Sikh Period 7 Raja Pahar Singh 8 Raja Wazir Singh 9 Raja Bikram Singh 9 Raja Balbir Singh 10 Council of Regency 12 Raja Brij Indar Singh 12 Council of Administration 12 Raja Har Indar Singh 13 Population and its Composition 14 Genealogical Table 16 Languages 17 Crops 18 Famines 18 Land Revenue 18 Other Sources of State Income 18 Wages & Prices 19 2. Architectural Analysis 27 Architectural Background 29 Climatic Factors 31 Building Materials 32 Stone 32 Brick 32 Terracotta 33 Mortar 33 Plaster chunam 33 Kankar 33 Wood 33 Iron & Steel 34 Glass 34 Architectural Elements 34 Pillars, Piers and Pilasters 34 Arches 35 Domes and Shikharas 35 Other Vaulting Systems 36 Verandahs 36 Lattices 36 Cornices 37 Pinnacles, Urns & Chhatris 37 Pediments 37 Architectural Decoration 37 Modes of Decoration 37 Themes of Decoration 40 Inscriptions 41 Language and script 41 Technique 41 Period 41 Patronage 42 Department of Building Construction 42 Architects and Craftsmen 43 3. Forts and Royal Palaces 47 Fort and its Buildings, Faridkot 49 Fort and Palace, Kot Kapura 70 Sarkari Bagh [now Government Girls Secondary School], Kot Kapura 72 Raj Mahal, Faridkot 74 Council Kothi, Faridkot 79 Fairy Cottage, Bir Chahal 83 Kothi Araish Ganj [now Residence, Senior Superintendant of Police], Faridkot 85 Kothi Pari Mahal, Faridkot 86 Kothi Muzang, Lahore 87 Buildings Kenilworth, Sherwood, and Cosynook, Mashobra (Himachal Pradesh) 89 Kothi, Kasauli (Himachal Pradesh) 89 Kothi, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) 90 Faridkot House, Delhi 90 4. Buildings for State Machinery 95 Central Administrative Office 97 Secretariat Building/Durbar Hall [now District Courts], Faridkot 97 Guest Houses 101 Kothi/Rest House Darbarganj, Faridkot 101 Dak Bangla, Faridkot 103 New Guest House/Lal Kothi [now Residence, Chief Judicial Magistrate], 104 Faridkot Granaries 105 Dane Granaries (Elevator), Faridkot 105 Arnold Storage, Faridkot 107 Stables 109 Phil Khana (Elephant Stable), Faridkot 109 Stables, Faridkot 109 Stud Stables, Sikhanwala Bir 110 Security Buildings 112 Police Station, Faridkot 112 Police Station, Kot Kapura 113 State Jail, Faridkot 113 Jail, Faridkot 115 Model Cantonments, Faridkot 115 Factories 118 State Distillery, Faridkot 118 Starch Factory, Faridkot 120 Faridkot Glass Wares Factory, Faridkot 120 Screw Factory [now Amar Ashram], Faridkot 121 Miscellaneous 122 Davies Model Agriculture Farm, Faridkot 122 Faridkot State Press/Balbir Press 125 [now Government Elementary School], Faridkot State Water Works and Electricity Supply Buildings, Faridkot 126 Farashkhana, Faridkot 127 Hangar (Aerodrome), Faridkot 127 State Bank [now District Treasury], Faridkot 129 5. Public Secular Buildings 133 Education & Sports 135 Anatomy Block, Lahore Medical College [now King Edward 136 Medical University], Lahore Brijindra College & Balbir High School Complex, Faridkot 136 [Government College of Education], Faridkot 139 Manjitindra High School [now Government Secondary Boys School], 142 Kot Kapura [District Institute of Elementary Training (DIET)], Faridkot 143 Rani Narinder Kaur Girls High School, Faridkot 144 Rao Brar High School [now Government Secondary School], Matta 144 Balbir Public Library, Faridkot 145 Victory Stadium [now Nehru Stadium], Faridkot 147 Public Health 149 Dawakhana/Mahafizkhana, Faridkot 149 Dispensary, Kot Kapura 149 Lady Dane Rani Suraj Kaur Zenana Hospital [now the Office, 151 District Health Officer], Faridkot Mardana Hospital, Faridkot 153 Harindra Hospital [now Civil Hospital], Faridkot 154 Queen Mary?s General Hospital [now Civil Hospital], Kot Kapura 158 Rallewala Veterinary Hospital [Veterinary Hospital], Kot Kapura 161 Grain Markets 162 Grain Market, Faridkot 162 Bikram Mandi [Grain Market], Kot Kapura 163 Miscellaneous 164 Bazaars, Faridkot 164 Sarai, Faridkot 165 Model Village, Kot Kapura 165 Orphanage [now Police Lines], Faridkot 165 Victoria Clock Tower, Faridkot 167 Baradari and Tank, Faridkot 169 Waiting Room, Faridkot 170 Gateways of the Walled Town, Faridkot 170 Gateway on Railway Road (Near Courts) [now Nehru Gate], Faridkot 170 Gateway, Harindar Nagar, Faridkot 172 Jubilee Cinema, Faridkot 172 6. Residential Buildings 177 Kothi, Naraingarh 179 Kothi of Sardar Fateh Singh, Faridkot 180 Kothi of Chief Medical Officer, Faridkot 181 Kothi of Lady Doctor [now Residence, Chief Medical Officer], Faridkot 181 Kothi Bandmaster [now Office, Section Engineer, Water Supply and 184 Sanitation], Faridkot [So-called SDO?s Kothi], Faridkot 184 Kothi Balbirganj, Faridkot 184 Urban Architecture 187 Haveli of Seth Bhani Sahai/Unchi Haveli, Kot Kapura 187 Rural Residential Buildings 189 7. Memorials 191 Memorial Commemorating Event 193 Investiture Gate, Faridkot 193 Memorials Commemorating Persons 194 Samadh of Jodh Shaheed, Kot Kapura 194 Samadh of Gulab Singh, Faridkot 196 Shahi Samadhs, Faridkot 197 Samadh of Raja Wazir Singh, Thanesar 199 Samadhi of Seth Kedar Nath, Kot Kapura 201 8. Public Religious Buildings 205 Religious Buildings of the Sikhs 207 Gurdwara Lohgarh, Dina 207 Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj, Muktsar 208 Gurdwara Guru Gobind Singh, Mehma Sarja 212 Gurdwara Guru Hargobind, Srinagar 212 Langar Building, Darbar Sahib, Amritsar 212 State Dharmshala, Faridkot 213 Tank, Gurdwara Zamin Sahib, Bazidpur (District Ferozepur) 215 Gurdwara Daswin Patshahi, Kot Kapura 217 Dera Baba Hans Raj Udasin [Baba Singlanwala], Kot Kapura 218 Dera Suthreshahi, Kot Kapura 219 Religious Buildings of the Muslims 220 Chilla Baba Farid, Faridkot 220 Jami Mosque, Faridkot 221 Idgah, Faridkot 223 Mosque Near Chilla Baba Farid, Faridkot 227 Mosque in Dogar Basti, Faridkot 230 Religious Buildings of the Hindus 232 Dera Nandeana, Faridkot 232 Dera Daryagir, Kot Kapura 234 Kalimata Temple, Kot Kapura 236 Mata Vaishnodevi Temple, Kot Kapura 236 Thakurdwara [Dera Baba Dhari Ram], Faridkot 237 Temple Pujarian/Thakurdwara, Kot Kapura 240 Devidwara, Faridkot 241 Dharmshala and Radha Krishan Mandir Complex of Seth Jiwan Ram Ji 241 Kedar Nath Khemka, Kot Kapura Shiv Temple, Faridkot 245 Temple Sat Narain, Faridkot 246 Hanuman Mandir, Faridkot 247 Temple and Dharmshala Seth Dhannu Mal, Kot Kapura 249 Dera Baba Dudhadhari, Kot Kapura 251 Dera Nihal Das, Kot Kapura 252 Dera Manglanand, Kot Kapura 254 Epilogue 257 Appendix 261 Glossary 267 Bibliography 271 Index 277

Subhash Parihar was born on 12 August 1953 at Kot Kapura, East Punjab where he still lives. He is M.A. (History of Art), M.A.(History), M. Phil., Ph.D. As an art historian, he has done pioneer work on the Indo-Muslim architecture of the North-Western India and the architecture of the Sikh States of the Punjab. He is author of Mughal Monuments in the Punjab and Haryana (Delhi, 1985) (Honoured with Dr. W.G. Archer Award by the Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi); Muslim Inscriptions in the Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh (Delhi, 1985); Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture (Delhi, 1999); History and Architectural Remains of Sirhind (Delhi, 2006); Land Transport in Mughal India: Agra-Lahore Mughal Highway and its Architectural Remains (Delhi, 2008), and more than two score of research papers published in international journals like Oriental Art (London); Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (London); Iran (London); East & West (Rome); Muqarnas (Leiden); Journal of Pakistan Historical Society (Karachi); Islamic Studies (Islamabad); Marg (Mumbai) etc. He has also contributed to The Dictionary of Art (34 vols.) published by Macmillan (London) and Encyclopaedia of Persian Language, Literature and Culture in the Sub-Continent (to be published in Iran). He was awarded Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1994-96). He undertook a Photographic Survey of Architectural Heritage of Haryana under Senior Fellowship from the Ministry of Culture, Government of India (2001-03). His research on Agra-Lahore Mughal Highway was partially financed by The Barakat Trust (London). Dr. Parihar is also an artist himself. He has been actively participating in art exhibitions since 1977. He was awarded by Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi in 1979 for the best collage. In the field of photography too, he has bagged about two dozen prizes including the Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi Award (1997). To deepen his understanding of cinema, he attended Film Appreciation Course at Film and Television Institute of India at Pune, in

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