Aryan Books

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE OF PUBJAB (1206-1707)

By :- Subhash Parihar

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Pages: xxxviii+466

Format: HB

ISBN-13: 978-81-7305-539-3

Place: New Delhi

Edition: 1st

Publisher: ARYAN BOOKS INTERNATIONAL

Size: 22cm x 28cm

Product Year: 2015

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The Islamic architecture of Punjab has not so far been studied with the seriousness it deserves. The books on architecture of the Indian subcontinent take up just a few monuments from Lahore or Multan, and that is all. It is believed that the architecture of medieval Punjab was limited to these two centres only. But this is not the real story. The whole land of Punjab is studded with monuments. This book is an outcome of the author?s extensive researches on the subject extended over more than three decades. It covers a detailed account of 141 extant monuments of Punjab, comprising thirteen sarais, eight bridges, seven baolis, six tanks, thirty-three kos-minars, one fortified enclosure, two gardens, two forts, one mansion, one takht, forty-seven tombs, eighteen mosques and two Idgahs. Besides these extant structures, the work also traces available information about 103 extinct monuments which included seven sarais, three bridges, seven baolis, one tank, six kos-minars, six gardens, thirteen forts, three mansions, one hammam, twenty-five tombs, twenty-eight mosques and three Idgahs. In this way, the book is a complete document on the five centuries of the built heritage of Punjab. The book is illustrated with 41 colour plates, 352 monochrome plates, and 143 figures, mostly by the author himself.

Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations List of Illustrations 1. Architectural Background Architecture of Punjab Building Material 1; Ancient Period 2; Sultanate Period 7; Mughal Period 14 2. Public Works Structures For Travellers Sarais Sarai 1: Sarai at Fatehabad (District Tarn Taran) 34; Sarai 2: Sarai at Nurdi (District Tarn Taran) 37; Sarai 3: Sarai at Doraha (District Ludhiana) 39; Sarai 4: Sarai at Nurmahal (District Jalandhar) 47; Sarai 5: Sarai at Shambhu (District Patiala) 65; Sarai 6: Dakhni Sarai at Mahlian Kalan (District Jalandhar) 70; Sarai 7: Sarai at Phillaur (District Jalandhar) 75; Sarai 8: Sarai Amanat Khan (District Tarn Taran) 78; Sarai 9: Sarai at Sultanpur Lodhi (District Kapurthala) 83; Sarai 10: Sarai at Rajpura (District Patiala) 87; Sarai 11: Sarai Lashkar Khan at Kot Panech (District Ludhiana) 89; Sarai 12: Sarai at Nakodar (District Jalandhar) 93; Sarai 13: Sarai Banjara (District Fatehgarh Sahib) 95 Extinct Sarais A. Sarais along Agra-lahore Highway Via Ludhiana 96; Sarais at Sirhind [District Fatehagarh Saheb] 96; Sarai at Khanna [District Ludhiana] 97; Sarai Qazi Ali [District Kapurthala] 97; Sarai at Naurangabad [District Tarn Taran] 97; B. Sarais along Agra-Lahore Highway Via Machhiwara 99; Sarai at Machhiwara [District Ludhiana] 99; Sarai at Rahon [District Nawan Shahar] 99 Bridges A. Bridges on Agra-Lahore Highway 100; Bridge 1: Bridge at Mahlian Kalan (District Jalandhar) 100; Bridge 2: Bridge at Sirhind (District Fatehgarh Saheb) 101; Bridge 3: Bridge at Sultanpur Lodhi (District Kapurthala) 103; Bridge 4: Bridge Near Chuni Majra (District Patiala) 104; B. Bridges along other Routes 105; Bridge 5: Bridge Near Bahrampur (District Gurdaspur) 105; Bridge 6: Bridge-I at Bahrampur (District Gurdaspur) 106; Bridge 7: Bridge-II at Bahrampur (District Gurdaspur) 106; Bridge 8: Bridge Near Tanda (District Hoshiarpur) 107 Extinct Bridges A. Bridges along Agra-Lahore Highway 108; Bridge Near Shambhu [District Patiala] 108; Bridge at Sultanpur Lodhi [District Kapurthala] 108; B. Other Bridges 109; Bridge at Garhshankar [District Hoshiarpur] 109 Baolis A. Baolis along the Agra-Lahore Highway 110; Baoli 1: Baoli at Sultanpur Lodhi (District Kapurthala) 110; Baoli 2: Baoli at Sirhind (District Fatehgarh Saheb) 111; Baoli 3: Baoli at Goindwal (District Tarn Taran) 112; Baoli 4: Baoli at Doraha (District Ludhiana) 113; Baoli 5: Baoli At Kanech (District Ludhiana) 113; Baoli 6: Baoli at Sarai Amanat Khan (District Tarn Taran) 114; Baolis along Other Routes 116; Baoli 7: Baoli at Kahnuwan (District Gurdaspur) 116 Extinct Baolis A. Baoli along Delhi-multan Route 116; Baoli at Abohar [District Fazilka] 116; B. Baolis along Agra-lahore Highway 117; Baoli at Rajpura [District Patiala] 117; Baoli at Jandali [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 117; Baoli at Khanna [District Ludhiana] 117; Baoli at Nurmahal [District Jalandhar] 118; C. Baolis at Other Places 118; Baoli at Harike [District Tarn Taran] 118; Baoli at Nawanshahr 118 Tanks A. Tanks along the Agra-Lahore Highway 119; Tank 1: Tank at Raja Taal (District Tarn Taran) 119; Tank 2: Tank bt Sarai Banjara (District Patiala) 120; Tank 3: Tank at Gandiwind (District Tarn Taran) 121; B. Other Tanks 122; Tank 4: Surajkund, Sunam (District Patiala) 122; Tank 5: Tank of Shamsher Khan at Batala (District Gurdaspur) 122; Tank 6: Tank at Tarn Taran (District Tarn Taran) 123 Extinct Tanks Tank With a Tower and Bridge, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 123 Kos Minars Kos Minar 1: Kos Minar at Rajgarh (District Patiala) 127; Kos Minar 2: Kos Minar at Naushahra (District Patiala) 127; Kos Minar 3: Kos Minar at Chamaru (District Patiala) 128; Kos Minar 4: Kos Minar at Patarasi Kalan (District Fatehgarh Saheb) 128; Kos Minar 5: Kos Minar Between Rain Majra and Hansali Saheb (District Fatehgarh Saheb) 129; Kos Minar 6: Kos Minar at Ghungrali Rajputan (District Ludhiana) 129; Kos Minar 7: Kos Minar at Kot Panech (District Ludhiana) 130; Kos Minar 8: Kos Minar at Sahnewal (District Ludhiana) 130; Kos Minar 9: Kos Minar at Uchi Mangali (District Ludhiana) 131; Kos Minar 10: Kos Minar at Ludhiana/Sherpur Kalan (District Ludhiana) 131; Kos Minar 11: Kos Minar at Shampur (District Jalandhar) 132; Kos Minar 12: Kos Minar at Cheema Kalan (District Jalandhar) 132; Kos Minar 13: Kos Minar at Upal (District Jalandhar) 133; Kos Minar 14: Kos Minar at Bir Pind (District Jalandhar) 133; Kos Minar 15: Kos Minar at Nakodar (District Jalandhar) 134; Kos Minar 16: Kos Minar at Tut (District Jalandhar) 134; Kos Minar 17: Kos Minar at Mahlian Kalan (District Jalandhar) 135; Kos Minar 18: Kos Minar at Dhada Khanpur (District Jalandhar) 135; Kos Minar 19: Kos Minar at Dhadwandi/Toti (District Jalandhar) 136; Kos Minar 20: Kos Minar at Karamjitpur (District Jalandhar) 137; Kos Minar 21: Kos Minar at Sultanpur Lodhi (District Kapurthala) 137; Kos Minar 22: Kos Minar at Hyderabad Bet/Mahtmawala (District Kapurthala) 138; Kos Minar 23: Kos Minar at Bharowal (District Tarn Taran) 138; Kos Minar 24: Kos Minar at Naurangabad (District Tarn Taran) 139; Kos Minar 25: Kos Minar at Bachre (District Tarn Taran) 140; Kos Minar 26: Kos Minar at Tarn Taran (District Tarn Taran) 140; Kos Minar 27: Kos Minar at Nurdi (District Tarn Taran) 141; Kos Minar 28: Kos Minar at Behak Baghel Singh (District Tarn Taran) 141; Kos Minar 29: Kos Minar at Jhabal (District Tarn Taran) 142; Kos Minar 30: Kos Minar at Dode (District Tarn Taran) 142; Kos Minar 31: Kos Minar at Sarai Amanat Khan (District Tarn Taran) 143; Kos Minar 32: Kos Minar at Burj (District Tarn Taran) 143; Kos Minar 33: Kos Minar at Raja Taal (District Tarn Taran) 144 Extinct Kos Minars Kos Minar at Rajpura [District Patiala] 144; Kos Minar at Gobindgarh [District Ludhiana] 144; Kos Minar at Doraha [District Ludhiana] 145; Kos Minar at Dhandari Kalan [District Ludhiana] 145; Kos Minar 3.5 km W of Dhada Khanpur [District Kapurthala] 145; Kos Minar between Hyderabad Bet and Goindwal [District Kapurthala] 145 Fortified Enclosures Saifabad (Now Bahadurgarh) [District Patiala] 145 3. Gardens Aam Khas Bagh, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 172; Description of the Garden and its Architectural Remains 177; Mughal Garden, Nakodar [District Jalandhar] 195 Extinct Gardens Akbar?s Garden, Kalanaur [District Gurdaspur] 201; Garden of Shamsher Khan, Batala [District Gurdaspur] 201; Garden of Nur Jahan, Nurmahal [District Jalandhar] 201; Garden of Sa?Id Khan, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 202; Garden of Amanat Khan, Sarai Amanat Khan [District Tarn Taran] 203; Garden of Amar Singh Qanungo, Batala [District Gurdaspur] 203 4. Forts, Mansions and Other Secular Buildings Forts Fort 1: Fort, Bhatinda (Now Spelled as Bathinda) 212; Fort 2: Fort, Shahpur Kandi [District Pathankot] 214 Extinct Forts Fort, Abohar [District Fazilka] 215; Fort, Ferozepur 216; Fort, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 216; Fort, Ghuram (District Patiala) 217; Fort, Sunam [District Patiala] 217; Fort, Ludhiana 217; Fort, Payal [District Ludhiana] 217; Fort, Tihara [District Ludhiana] 217; Fort, Machhiwara [District Ludhiana] 218; Fort, Ropar [Now Rupnagar] [District Rupnagar] 218; Fort, Jalandhar 218; Fort, Dasuya [District Hoshiarpur] 218; Fort, Pathankot 218 Mansions Mansion 1: Jahazi Haveli, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 219 Extinct Mansions Mansion, Samana [District Patiala] 221; Bungalow of Namdar Khan, Bahlolpur [District Ludhiana] 222; Mansion, Kot Ise Khan [District Moga] 223 Miscellaneous Structures Structure 1: Takht-i Akbari, Kalanaur [District Gurdaspur] 223 Other Extinct Secular Buildings Hammams Hammam, Sultanpur Lodhi [District Kapurthala] 225 5. Tombs Tomb 1: Tomb of Haji Ratan, Bhatinda 230; Tomb 2: Tomb of Rai Firuz, Hathur [District Ludhiana] 237; Tomb 3: Tomb of Elephant, Talanian, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 241; Tomb 4: Tomb of Subhan, Dera Mir Miran, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 243; Tomb 5: Tomb of Bibi Taj, Dera Mir Miran, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 249; Tomb 6: Tomb of Horse, Talanian, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 251; Tomb 7: Anonymous Tomb, Payal [District Ludhiana] 253; Tomb 8: Annonymous Tomb, Sunam [District Patiala] 255; Tomb 9: Anonymous Tomb, Morinda [District Rupnagar/Ropar] 256; Tomb 10: Tomb of Shamsher Khan, Batala [District Gurdaspur] 258; Tomb 11: Tomb of Sayyid Ali Sarmast, Ludhiana 263; Tomb 12: Tomb of Haji Muhammad, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 264; Tomb 13: Tomb of Bahadur Khan, Bahlolpur [District Ludhiana] 268; Tomb 14: Tomb of Shah Diwan, Tihara [District Ludhiana] 269; Tomb 15: Tomb of Bahgwanji, Pindori [District Gurdaspur] 270; Tomb 16: Tomb of Ustad/Tomb of Muhammad Mumin Husaini, Nakodar [District Jalandhar] 271; Tomb 17: Anonymous Tomb, Nurdi [District Tarn Taran] 276; Tomb 18: Tomb of Sa?id Khan/Ustad, Talanian, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 279; Tomb 19: Tomb of Jamal Khan, Ropar/Rupnagar 281; Tomb 20: Anonymous Tomb, Sultanpur Lodhi [District Kapurthala] 283; Tomb 21: Tomb of Khwaja Khan/Shagird, Talanian, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 285; Tomb 22: Tomb of Amanat Khan, Sarai Amanat Khan [District Tarn Taran] 288; Tomb 23: Tomb of Shagird/Tomb of Haji Jamal, Nakodar [District Jalandhar] 290; Tomb 24: Tomb of Husain Khan, Bahlolpur [District Ludhiana] 294; Tomb 25: Tomb of Alawal Khan, Bahlolpur [District Ludhiana] 295; Tomb 26: Anonymous Tomb, Shaikhupura, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 297; Tomb 27: Tomb of Khwaja Muhammad Ma?sum, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 298; Tomb 28: Tomb of Saif Khan, Bahadurgarh [District Patiala] 300; Tomb 29: Tomb of Saif Khan?s Son, Bahadurgarh [District Patiala] 302; Tomb 30: Tomb of Saif Khan?s Wife, Bahadurgarh [District Patiala] 303; Tomb 31: Tomb of Khwaja Muhammad Saif al-Din, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 304; Tomb 32: Tomb of Khwaja Muhammad Naqshband, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 306; Tomb 33: Tomb of Daud Khan, Bahlolpur [District Ludhiana] 307; Tomb 34: Graveyard-I, Raja Taal [District Tarn Taran] 308; Tomb 35: Graveyard-II, Raja Taal [District Tarn Taran] 309; Tomb 36: Tomb of Khwaja Muhammad Siddiq, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 310; Tomb 37: Tomb of Shaikh Muhammad Parsa, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 311; Tomb 38: Tomb of Khwaja Muhammad Zubair, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 312; Tomb 39: Tomb of Muhammad Isma?il, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 314; Tomb 40: Anonymous Tomb-I, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 316; Tomb 41: Anonymous Tomb-II, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 318; Tomb 42: Anonymous Tomb-III, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 319; Tomb 43: Anonymous Tomb-IV, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 320; Tomb 44: Anonymous Tomb, Mahadian, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 321; Tomb 45: Anonymous Tomb, Shaikhupra, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 322; Tomb 46: Tomb of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 324; Tomb 47: Tomb of Shah Zaman, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 326 Extinct Tombs Tomb Enclosure, Banur [District Patiala] 328; Tomb of Ram Deo Bhatti, Batala [District Gurdaspur] 329; Tomb of Gujri Masto, Rupar/Rupnagar 330; Tomb of Shaikh Darwesh, Jalandhar 330; Tomb of Sayyid Ali Bazurg, Ludhiana 331; Tomb of Jamil Beg, Kalanaur [District Gurdaspur] 331; Tomb of Kamal Al-din, Bahlolpur [District Ludhiana] 335; Tomb of Sulaiman Shah Chishti, Ludhiana 336; Tomb of Shah Qutb, Ludhiana 336; Tomb of Shah Ishaqwala, Tihara [District Ludhiana] 336; Tomb of Fateh Ali Shah, Nurmahal [District Jalandhar] 337; Anonymous Tomb, Samana [District Patiala] 338; Seven Possible Tombs: Chhat [District Patiala] 339; Tombs Mentioned in Punjab District Gazetteers: Hoshiarpur District (1904) 341 6. Mosques & ?Idgahs Mosques Mosque 1: Pathariya (stone) Masjid, Machhiwara [District Ludhiana] 354; Mosque 2: Mosque of Sadna Qasai, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 357; Mosque 3: Anonymous Mosque, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 360; Mosque 4: Mosque Near the Tomb of Sayyid ?Ali Sarmast, Ludhiana 361; Mosque 5: Jami? Masjid, Fatehabad [District Tarn Taran], 362; Mosque 6: Main Mosque at Rauza Sharif, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 364; Mosque 7: Mosque at Shaikhupura, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 366; Mosque 8: Mosque of Saif Khan, Bahadurgarh [District Patiala] 368; Mosque 9: Mosque, Raja Taal [District Tarn Taran] 370; Mosque 10: Mosque Near the Tomb of Khwaja Muhamad Ma?sum, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 372; Mosque 11: Tiled Mosque, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 373; Mosque 12: Jami? Mosque, Batala [District Gurdaspur] 377; Mosque 13: Mosque of Shah Isma?il, Batala [District Gurdaspur] 378; Mosque 14: Lal Masjid, Fatehgarh Saheb 380; Mosque 15: Jami? Masjid, Bahrampur [District Gurdaspur] 382; Mosque 16: Mosque, Talanian, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 385; Mosque 17: The Smallest Mosque In Rauza Sharif, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 387; Mosque 18: Qazi Mosque, Hariana [District Hoshiarpur] 388 Extinct Mosques Mosque, Garhshankar [District Hoshiarpur] 390; Mosque-I, Sunam [District Patiala] 390; Mosque, Machhiwara [District Ludhiana] 391; Mosque-II, Sunam [District Patiala] 391; Mosque of Rai Jali Khan, Hathur [District Ludhiana] 392; Mosque of Hafiz ?Alamgir, Jalandhar 392; Mosque, Rupnagar/Ropar 392; Khwaja?s Mosque, Samana [District Patiala] 393; Mosque, Chhitanwala [District Patiala] 393; Mufti?s Mosque, Hariana [District Hoshiarpur] 394; Mosque of Shafiq Khan, Samana [District Patiala] 394; Mosque of Mirza Momin, Samana [District Patiala] 395; Mosque of Barkhurdar Khan, Hathur [District Ludhiana] 396; Royal Mosque, Jalalabad [District Moga] 396; Sayyid?s Mosque, Samana [District Patiala] 397; Anonymous Mosque, Samana [District Patiala] 398; Mosque of Fath Muhammad, Samana [District Patiala] 399; Mosque of Bilwanwali, Bahlolpur [District Ludhiana] 399; Mosque of Mitthu Sahib, Jalandhar 399; Mosque of Kamal al-Din Khan, Bahlolpur [District Ludhiana] 399; Mosque of Azmat Khan, Hathur [District Ludhiana] 400; Mosque-III, Sunam [District Patiala] 400; Shaikh?s Mosque, Ludhiana 400; Mosque, Kot Ise Khan [District Moga] 401; Kali Mosque, Garhshankar [District Hoshiarpur] 401; Mosque, Fatehgarh Saheb, Sirhind 401; Smaller Mosque at Dera Mir Miran, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 403; Larger Mosque at Dera Mir Miran, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 405 ?Idgahs ?Idgah 1: ?Idgah, Tihara [District Ludhiana] 406; ?Idgah 2: ?Idgah, Bahrampur [District Gurdaspur] 408 Extinct ?Idgahs ?Idgah, Hathur [District Ludhiana] 409; ?Idgah, Sohana [District Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar/Mohali] 409; ?Idgah, Sirhind [District Fatehgarh Saheb] 409 Appendix Glossary Bibliography Index

Subhash Parihar was born on 12 August 1953 at Kot Kapura, East Punjab where he still lives. He is M.A. (History of Art), M.A. (History), M. Phil., Ph.D. As an art historian, he has done pioneering work on the Islamic architecture of the north-western India. He is author of Mughal Monuments in the Punjab and Haryana (Delhi, 1985) (Honoured with Dr. W.G. Archer Award by Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi); Muslim Inscriptions in the Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh (Delhi, 1985); Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture (Delhi, 1999); History and Architectural Remains of Sirhind (Delhi, 2006); Land Transport in Mughal India: Agra-Lahore Mughal Highway and Its Architectural Remains (Delhi, 2008); Architectural Heritage of a Sikh State: Faridkot (Delhi, 2009), and more than four dozen research papers published in international journals like Oriental Art (London); Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (London); Iran (London); East & West (Rome); Muqarnas (Leiden); Journal of Pakistan Historical Society (Karachi); Islamic Studies (Islamabad); Marg (Mumbai) etc. He was awarded Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1994-96). He undertook a ?Photographic Survey of Architectural Heritage of Haryana? under a Senior Fellowship from the Ministry of Culture, Government of India (2001-03). He also contributed to The Dictionary of Art (34 vols.) published by Macmillan (London) and Encyclopaedia of Persian Language, Literature and Culture in the Sub-Continent (to be published in Iran). Dr. Parihar is active in the fields of painting, sculpture and photography also. He has been actively participating in art exhibitions since 1977. He was awarded by Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi in 1979 for the best collage. In the field of photography too, he has bagged about two dozen prizes including Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi Award (1997). At present, he is working as Associate Professor, Centre for Museology, Archaeology and Conservation, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda.

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